Muri 1818, umwanditsikazi w’umwongereza witwa Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley yanditse igitabo yise “Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus”. Yacyanditse agendeye ku bikorwa byitiriwe kimwe mu bigirwamana by’abagereki kitwa Prometheus bivugwa ko cyaremye abantu mu ibumba cyarangiza kikiba umuriro kikawubaha bityo bakabasha gukora byinshi batari kwigereraho. Uwo mwanditsi rero yahimbye inkuru y’umugabo witwa Victor Frankenstein wahanze ikinyabuzima cy’igihindugembe (monster) muri laboratwari ye akoresheje ubuhanga budasanzwe. Ngo cyari kimeze nk’umuntu ariko ari kirekire cyane (240 cm), ari kibi mu maso ariko ngo kigira ibyiyumviro. Icyo gihindugembe rero ngo cyagerageje kwegera abantu ngo kibane na bo baracyamagana, bikiyobeye gisubira inyuma kwihorera ku wagihanze ari we Victor Frankenstein. Iki gitabo cyarakunzwe cyane ndetse bamwe bakora filime zishingiye kuri iyi nkuru abandi bahimba amakinamico. Umwanditsi ntabwo yasobanuye impamvu yamuteye kwandika inkuru y’icyo gihindundugembe cya Frankenstein. Bamwe baketse ko arimo kuvuga iby’ubuzima bwe nk’umwana wavutse agakura atagira nyina (nyina yitabye Imana akimubyara), abandi bakeka ko yashakaga kuvuga ku baturage bari mu cyiciro cy’abakandamizwa. Hari n’ababonyemo ishusho y’uko ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga byakora amahano biramutse bidacunzwe neza. Ibi bivugwa bishingiye ku bibazo bikomoka ku gukoresha nabi ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga nk’amahano yabereye mu Buyapani ahitwa Hiroshima na Nagasaki, ibitwaro bya kirimbuzi bihangayikishije isi, uburyo iterambere ryangije ibidukikije bigatera imihindagurikire y’ikirere (global warming and climate change), ariko cyane cyane benshi bafite impungenge ku buryo ubumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga biri ku muvuduko uri hejuru cyane ku buryo abantu bibaza niba amaherezo yabo atazaba nk’aya Frankenstein, bwa bumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga bikabagira abacakara cyangwa bikaba byanabarimbura.

Muri iyi nyandiko turaza kurebera hamwe impinduramatwara ishingiye ku bwenge bw’imashini (Artificial Intelligence), uko bukora, icyerekezo cyayo ariko n’uburyo muntu ashobora kwisanga mu gatebo kamwe na Frankestein igihe cyose yaba atakaje ububasha kuri ubu bwenge buhangano. Kugira ngo tubashe gusobanukirwa neza iby’ubu bwenge bw’imashini, turabanza tuvuge ku mpinduramatwara mu birebana n’inganda kugira ngo twumve umuvuduko turiho muri iki gihe cy’ikoranabuhanga.

1. Umuvuduko w’impinduramatwara mu by’inganda zishingiye ku bumenyi n’ikoranabuhanga

Mu bihe bya kera, byatwaraga igihe kirekire cyane kugira ngo abatuye isi bunguke uburyo bushya bwo gukora. Ariko guhera mu kinyejana cya 18 habaye impinduramatwara zidasanzwe ubwo abantu babashije kuvugurura imikorere bashingiye kuri moteri ikoresha amakara. Mu byatangiye gukoreshwa bikihutisha iterambere harimo na gariyamoshi. Bidatinze, mu kinyejana cya 19 no mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 20 bavumbura amashanyarazi, peteroli na gaz ari na ko bageze kuri telefoni, imodoka ndeste n’indege mu birebana n’itumanaho ndeste n’ubwikorezi. Icyo gihe habaye umusaruro mwinshi mu buhinzi ndetse no mu bikorerwa mu nganda. Guhera muri 1969 hatangiye impinduramatwara ishingiye kuri electronics, telecommunications na computer (Mudasobwa). Mu byagezweho harimo gukora imashini zisa n’izikoresha bitewe na gahunda abantu baziteguriye (robots), bityo imikorere yo mu nganda irahinduka. Impinduramatwara ya kane , n’ubwo bose batabyemeranyaho ko ari impinduramatwara, ni irimo iba muri iki gihe turimo ikaba ishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa (digital revolution). Iyi mpinduramatwara rero ikaba irangwa n’ikoranabuhanga rikoresha imashini zikoresha (robots) ndetse no guhererekanya amakuru mu buryo bwihuse cyane. Iyi mpinduramatwara irigaragariza muri smart phones, imashini zikoresha (automation), murandasi (internet) yihuta ari na ko yihutisha amakuru n’ibintu. Mu buryo bwihariye, impinduramatwara ya kane mu birebana n’inganda ishyize imbere ubufatanye mu buhanga n’ubumenyi mu nzego enye zihetse umuvuduko w’ikoranabuhanga: gukora imashini nto cyane ku buryo zitaboneshwa amaso (nanotechnology), ikoranabuhanga mu binyabuzima (biotechnology), ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa (Information technology) n’ubumenyi ku byerekeranye n’inkomoko n’imikorere by’ubwenge bwa muntu (Cognitive sciences) ari byo NBIC (Nanotechnology, Biotechnology, Information Technology, and Cognitive Science), mu magambo ahinnye. Muri iyi gahunda y’ubufatanye, ubwenge buhangano (Artificial Intelligence) ndetse na murandasi (internet) bikaba ari byo mababa atuma NBIC iguruka.

2. Ubwenge buhangano / ubwenge bw’imashini (Artificial intelligence)

Kuva kera abakinnyi b’amafilime ndetse n’abanditsi b’inkuru mpimbano kenshi z’amakabyankuru (fictions), bagaragazaga ko hazaba igihe imashini zizajya zikoresha, abantu bakabifata nk’ibidashoboka. Abashakashatsi na bo bakomeje urugamba rwo kuzagera ku mashini zifite ubwenge. Gusa ubwenge buhangano bwasesekaye mu buzima bwa buri munsi guhera mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 21. Uko imyaka yicuma ni na ko ikoranabuhanga ry’imashini zifite ubwenge rirushaho kwesa imihigo. Abahanga baragenda basatira “ubwonko buhangano” bukora nk’ubw’abantu ndetse bukanabarusha. Vuba aha, guhera mu mwaka wa 2012, havumbuwe uburyo budasanzwe bwo gukoresha ubwo bwonko buhangano mu koranabuhanga ryitwa “deep learning” rituma imashini ibasha gusesengura amakuru ndetse no kuyabyaza ubwenge bushya. Koko rero, uko dukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya murandasi haba kuri mudasobwa cyangwa kuri telefoni ni nako tuba dutanga amakuru. Ayo makuru rero ni yo asesengurwa n’iryo koranabuhanga rikavanamo ibisobanuro ku byo abantu batekereza, bakunda cyangwa se bifuza. Ibyo rero byorohereza abacuruzi ndetse n’abashaka kuyobora isi, kumenya aho bashyira imbaraga bayiyobora uko bishakiye ari na ko bayibyaza umusaruro.

2.1. Ubwenge buhangano bukoreshwa he?

Ubwenge buhangano bukoreshwa mu nzego nyinshi hagamijwe kunoza umurimo no kuwukora mu buryo bwihuse cyangwa kuruhura abantu dore ko ab’ubu batagishaka kwivuna. Ubwenge buhangano bufite amahirwe yo gukora byinshi, mu gihe gitoya kandi mu buryo bunoze. Ubwo bwenge rero bukoreshwa mu nzego zitandukanye z’imibereho n’imibanire by’abantu. Mu rwego rw’ubuzima, ubwenge buhangano bushobora kwifashishwa mu gusuzuma umurwayi, kumenya umuti agomba guhabwa n’ikigero ugomba gutangwamo, mu kubaga abarwayi, n’ibindi. Na none kandi, ubwenge buhangano bushobora gukoreshwa mu bucuruz,i aho bufasha mu kumenya uko mu bubiko bw’ibicuruzwa (stock) byifashe n’ibikeneye kongerwamo, gucunga iduka ndetse no gutanga ibicuruzwa, guhaha ndetse n’ibindi. Abanyamabanki bo babukoresha muri byinshi harimo nko mu kumenya ikarita itari yo, mu gusuzuma dossier y’usaba inguzanyo, kumenya ubujura bwakozwe, gutanga raporo y’umunsi n’ibindi. Ubu bwenge bukoreshwa na none mu buhinzi n’ubworozi mu bizwi nka “smart agriculture”, ari byo kuvuga ubuhinzi bwifashisha ikoranabuhanga. Ubwenge buhangano bukoreshwa kandi mu irangamimerere no mu kugenzura abinjira n’abasohoka, mu nzego z’umutekano, mu ntambara ndetse n’ahandi. Aha ni ho dusanga imishinga ya “smart ID” yatangiye mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe. Mu birebana n’itumanaho, ubwenge buhangano bugambiriye gukoreshwa n’ibinyabiziga (autonomous vehicles), indege n’ibyogajuru byitwara bidakeneye ubufasha bwa muntu (autonomous drones, autonomist aircraft, autonomous spacecraft). Birumvikana ko ubu bwenge buhimbano bukoreshwa no mu mutekano, mu kwigisha ndeste no mu myidagaduro.

Gusa rero n’ubwo benshi babukoresha bashaka kugera ku byiza , ntabwo habura n’abashobora kubukoresha mu migambi mibi nko kwiba, ubugizi bwa nabi, kuvangura abantu, guharabika, gukwirakwiza ibinyoma, n’ibindi. Nko mu itangazamakuru ubu hadutse ibyo bita deep fake, infox, FaceApp n’ibindi bikwirakwiza amakuru atari yo. Ni ukuba maso rero burya ngo ibishashagira byose siko ari zahabu kandi ngo ubanza ubu bwenge butagira ubwenge, ndashaka kuvuga ubushishozi, ngo bube bwakwiyima abagamije kubukoresha ibibi.

2.2. Ese koko ubwenge buhangano bwaba bufite gahunda yo gusiga ubwenge bwa muntu?

Abayoboye mu ikoranabuhanga babimburiwe n’ibihangange nka Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple na Microsoft bashyira mu mpine nka GAFAM, dore ko bose banafite icyicaro mu gace kamwe ko muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ahitwa Silicon Valley ho muri California, bagaragaza ko bafite indoto zo gushyira imbaraga zidasanzwe mu bwenge buhangano. Ibyo babikora bagamije kuvumbura uburyo bushya bwo gukora hagamijwe kwihutisha iterambere, ariko burya si impuhwe bafitiye isi, ni no kugira ngo binjize inyungu nyinshi mu byo bakora, ari na ko barushaho kugenga isi n’abayituye. Ntibitangaje kubona ari na bo baza ku rutonde rw’abaherwe ba mbere ku isi.

Kimwe na bagenzi babo bo mu bindi bihugu byakataje mu ikoranabuhanga nk’Ubushinwa, bafite gahunda yo gukomeza ubushakashatsi ku nkomoko y’ubwenge bwa muntu ndeste no guhanga ubwonko bw’imashini kugera ubwo ikora nk’umuntu, ariko ikihuta kumurusha, kandi ibyo byo twamaze kubyibonera n’amaso yacu. Koko rero, ubwenge bw’imashini bugeze aho bwihuta inshuro igihumbi ugereranyije n’ubwenge bw’umuntu. Ariko ngo gahunda ni ugusiga ubwenge bwa muntu ho incuro miliyoni. Abenshi bemeza ko murandasi ya 5G ari uwo muvuduko iganishaho. Bivuze ko gukurikira ibyo ubwenge buhangano bukora bizasigara ari ikibazo ku bantu.

2.3. Gahunda yo kongera ubushobozi karemano hakoreshejwe ubwenge buhangano

Kuba abo bahanga barabonye ko imashini yihuta cyane kurusha umuntu, dore ko ifite n’umwihariko wo kutananirwa nk’uko bigendekera abantu, basanga ari ngombwa ko muntu yitegura kujya ku muvuduko wayo. kandi yakwibura agahinduka umucakara w’imashini zikoresha. N’ubwo bikiri mu ndoto, abahanga mu bwenge buhangano barashaka kuzamurira umuntu ubushobozi nko mu byo gufata mu mutwe, kumenya amasura y’abantu vuba, gukora insimburangingo zihariye n’ibindi. Ubwo kandi ngo haba hari n’umugambi bafite wo kongerera abantu ubushobozi ndetse n’uburambe, ngo kugeza ubwo bazakura mu nzira urupfu. Ibyo ngo bazabigeraho bahuje ubwenge karemano n’ubwenge buhangano, ari byo bizwi mu izina rya transhumanism, aho umuntu azaba ari umuntu uvanze n’imashini, bityo mu gutekereza, kumenya no gukemura ibibazo, akagendera ku muvuduko w’ubwenge buhangano. Bene uwo muntu azaba ari umuntu mu bantu ariko ari n’imashini mu zindi. Hagati aho birumvikana ko umuntu uzamenya amabanga y’imashini zifite ubwenge akazikoresha azihuta mu byo akora kurusha utabisobanukiwe. Uwo ni we uzabasha kwigwizaho imitungo y’isi mu gihe abandi bakijajaba. Nguko uko bamwe bazisanga babaye abacakara b’ubwenge bwahanzwe na muntu.

2.4. Impinduramatwara mu ikoranabuhanga mu bwenge buhangano ni amahirwe ariko ngo inyamaswa idakenga yicwa n’umututizi

N’ubwo nta byinshi twahindura ku muvuduko w’ikoranabuhanga, ni byiza ko turitekerezaho kugira ngo ritatugwirira ahubwo turikoreshe mu nyungu zacu. Koko rero, iyo witegereje usanga abayoboye muri iri koranabuhanga barageze ku nyungu zabo, kandi bakataje. Ese aho twebwe tubonamo izihe nyungu? Aho ntitwahindutse isoko bacuruzamo ikoranabuhanga, rimwe na rimwe no mu byo tudakeneye, aho kujya mu ruhando rw’abakora bagamije kungukira mu ikoranabuhanga? Reka twibaze ku bibazo bikurikira kugira ngo twumve neza aho duhagaze.

2.4.1. Ese ko imashini igiye kurusha ubwenge uwayihanze ni nde uzayigiraho ijambo?

Ese nyine ko ubwenge buhangano buri ku muvuduko uri hejuru, aho uwabuhanze ntazisanga atakibufiteho ububasha? Ese ubu bwenge nibugera aho bwikoresha ibinyuranyije n’imico y’abantu ni nde uzabazwa ibyaha n’ibindi bibi buzakora? Koko rero, n’ubwo imashini izagera aho igira ubwenge bwegereye ubwenge bwa muntu, izakomeza ibe imashini. Gusa rero, mu gihe abantu basanzwe babazwa ibyo bakora mu rwego rw’imico n’imyifatire, haribazwa uko bizagenda mu gihe imashini izakora ibinyuranye n’imico n’imyifatire by’abantu. Ese ubundi imashini yagira “moral status”? Ese yamenya kuvangura ikibi n’icyiza? Ese nk’umuntu agiye gusaba inguzanyo imashini ikayimwima kubera ibara ry’uruhu rwe, byakwitwa ko yamukoreye ivanguraruhu? Ese umuntu uzahohoterwa n’imashini yikoresha azabaza nde? Ese imashini iramutse isaze byagenda gute? Ese ibikorwa by’umuntu uvanze n’imashini bibazwa nde? Ese ubundi abantu barema imashini zirusha umuntu ubwenge baba batirahuriraho umuriro?

2.4.2. Amaherezo y’uburezi ni iyahe?

Ubwenge buhangano hamwe n’ikoranabuhanga byazanye impinduramatwara mu birebana n’uburezi. Mu gihe bamwe bakijya mu ishuri abandi biga bakoresheje murandasi, badakeneye kujya ku ishuri. Byongeye kandi, twari tumenyereye ko umwana avuka nta bintu azi bityo abakuru asanze bakamufasha kwinjira mu muryango w’abantu bamwigisha ari imuhira ndetse no ku ishuri. Igitangaje ni uko ukurikije aho iteramebre mu ikoranabuhanga rigeze, ibanga rya mwarimu riragenda rishonga. Internet yarabikemuye! Abana batoya basobanukirwa vuba iby’ikoranabuhanga kurusha abarimu, dore ko ibyo mwarimu yigisha byose biri kuri murandasi kandi mu buryo bwagutse ku buryo umunyeshuri afite amahirwe yo kumenya no gusobanukirwa vuba kurusha mwarimu. Byongeye abanyeshuri ntibacyumva impamvu yo gufata mu mutwe kuko byose biri kuri murandasi. Icyo umubajije cyose ajya kuri google, cyangwa se akibariza ChatGPT. Ese ubwo bizagenda bite nibagera aho bahuzwa n’imashini? Uzasanga bamwe barangiza kaminuza ku myaka icumi! Ese mama za ndangagaciro zo zizatangwa zite? Zizatangwa na nde? Ese ko abana birirwa mu ikoranabuhanga barusha ababyeyi kurisobanukirwa, ni nde uzabarera? Ese ni nde uzabamenyera igikwiye n’ikidakwiye?

2.4.3. Ese aho bukera ikoranabuhanga ntirirasezerera benshi ku mirimo?

Uko bimenyerewe, impinduramatwara mu by’inganda zigenda zigira icyo zihindura mu mikorere y’abantu. Hari imirimo iva ku isoko indi mirimo mishya ikavuka. Nk’urugero, mu bihugu byateye imbere, ubuhinzi, ndavuga ubwo mu murima kuko burya ubuhinzi burimo ibyiciro (value chain) byinshi, bwasigaranye abantu bake cyane bakoresha imashini bakagera ku musaruro mwinshi. Abari basanzwe bakoresha isuka bimukiye mu mirimo yo mu nganda, ubucuruzi n’indi mishya yavutse. Mu gihe imashini zikoresha (robots) zadukiye mu nganda, zasimbuye abantu mu mirimo imwe n’imwe, bimukira mu yindi. Kuva mudasobwa yaza, ariko cyane cyane kuva murandasi (internet) yakwaduka, imirimo yakorwaga n’iposita yaragabanutse kubera gukoresha murandasi yihutisha ubutumwa. Gusa imirimo mishya yaravutse nko gucuruza Me2you, aba agents, abacuruza telefone, abakanishi b’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga, n’ibindi. Kugeza ubu uko imirimo imwe iva ku isoko ni ko indi mirimo ivuka n’ubwo guhindura umurimo bitikora.

Gusa rero, muri iki gihe cy’ubwenge buhangano, abantu benshi bafite ubwoba ko bushobora guteza icyuho gikomeye mu mirimo, cyane ko imashini isatira ibyo umuntu yakoraga hafi ya byose. Impungenge na none zikongerwa n’uko isi ya none yimakaje urwikunde no kwigwizaho inyungu aho kwita ku mibereho myiza y’abaturage, cyane cyane abaciye bugufi. Ukurikije indoto ndetse n’umuvuduko w’iri koranabuhanga, imirimo myinshi ishobora kuva ku isoko. Imodoka zitwara zizasezerera abashoferi, imashini zisuzuma abarwayi, zikavura bigera n’aho zibaga abarwayi, zishobora kurya akazi k’abaganga. Abarimu bo n’ubu batangiye kubona ko ibyo bigishaga byose byibereye kuri murandasi, dore ko habonetse na za programu ziteguye z’amasomo ari kuri murandasi, kandi abana bakaba batangiye kubarusha kubigeraho. Ese byaba bivuze ko benshi mu batunzwe no kwigisha bashobora kwisanga mu bashomeri?

Bisaba rero kubaho umuntu yiteguye! Bimwe mu byafasha ni ugukurikira amakuru, kwitoza gukoresha ikoranabuhanga, guhanga udushya aho gutegereza ibyo abandi bakoze. By’umwihariko, abashaka kuguma mu kazi bakeneye kwibanda ku ndangagaciro n’imyifatire byihariwe n’abantu.

Umwanzuro

- Ubwenge buhangano ni amahirwe kuri bose. Bityo nta mpamvu yo kutajya mu kibuga, dore ko tudahejwe.

- Ikoranabuhanga mu by’ubwenge bw’imashini ni amahirwe yihutisha iterambere. Gusa ntibihagije gutera imbere. Igikomeye ni ukumenya aho imbere tuvuga aho ari ho, ejo tutazasanga twihuta nk’abayobye. - Mu gihe abahanga bambariye guhanga imashini zifite ubwenge, turabe maso zitaducucura zikatwambura icyubahiro n’igitinyiro twiherewe na Rurema.

- Mu gihe ikibuga cy’ikoranabuhanga gikinguye kuri bose, ni ngombwa gukenga ejo tutagwa mu gico cy’abatekamutwe ndeste n’abagizi ba nabi.

- Turinde indangagaciro aho kwishinga ko ikoranabuhanga ryoroheje ibintu ejo ritatworohereza no gupfa kandi twashakaga kubaho.

Padiri Fabien HAGENIMANA